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Basic Hemorrhoids 101

Anatomy of hemorrhoids

The anal canal is supplied with blood by the arteries and descends into the canal from the rectum above. A rich network of communicating arteries is then formed around the anal canal. The hemorrhoidal blood vessels need to have a ready supply of arterial blood because of the rich network of arteries. This is the reason why hemorrhoidal bleeding is bright red (arterial blood) rather than dark red (venous blood) and can occasionally be severe.
Blood is drained away from the anal canal and the hemorrhoids by the anal veins. These veins draw off in two directions - upwards into the rectum and the downwards beneath the skin around the anus. The dentate line denotes the transition from the anoderm to the rectal lining.

Formation of hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids may originate at two points. When it originates at the top (rectal side) of the anal canal, it is termed as internal hemorrhoid. An external hemorrhoid originates at the lower end of the anal canal near the anus.
The major hemorrhoidal cushions are oriented right posterior, right anterior, and left lateral. The vessels of the anal cushions swell and the supporting tissues increase in size when the enlarged internal hemorrhoids are being formed. Problems begin to occur when the bulging mass of tissue and blood vessels protrudes into the anal canal.

What causes hemorrhoids?

There is no real reason why hemorrhoids enlarge. Among the many theories include insufficient fiber intake, extended toilet sitting, and constipation. There is no strong experimental support to prove these theories. Another theory that is believed to cause enlargement of hemorrhoids is pregnancy and again, there is no clear reason to prove the theory. There is also a theory that pelvic tumor cause enlargement of hemorrhoids when veins draining upwards from the anal canal are pressed.

A proposed theory is the dragging of hemorrhoidal cushions downward because of the pulling force of the stool that passes through the anal canal. Another cause is due to the deterioration of the supporting canal that anchors the hemorrhoids to the underlying muscle of the anal canal brought about by age or worsening condition. Eventually, the hemorrhoidal tissue fails to connect causing it so slip down into the anal canal.

Information about its physiology that proves vital to the knowledge of its formation is due to the elevation of pressure to the anal sphincter surrounding the anal canal and hemorrhoids. This is the muscle responsible for controlling movement of the bowel. If the elevation of the pressure paves the way for the enlargement of hemorrhoids or leads to hemorrhoids is not known. Increasing the pulling force applied to the hemorrhoids by the stool that passes via the narrower sphincter during bowel movements causes the dragging of the hermorrhoids downward and enlarging them in the process.

Hemroids